Author Archives: Sarah Marley

Featured in The Sunday Post!

As a kid in Scotland, I grew up reading The Sunday Post. Admittedly I was more interested in The Broons and Oor Wullie originally, but it was still a regular feature of my weekends.

So I was pretty excited to feature in it last week! The two-page article focused on a scientific paper published by myself, Phil, and two collaborators in Australia, which focused on foraging behaviour of pygmy blue whales off Timor Leste.

Despite being one of the largest animals in the ocean, we still know relatively little about where and how pygmy blue whales spend their time. For a long time, it was thought that the whales followed the same pattern as other large baleen whales – a feeding ground in the poles, a breeding ground in the tropics, and a lengthy migration between the two with no feeding en route. But it turns out pygmy blue whales don’t follow this “fast and famine” method. Instead, they need to feed fairly often so instead have ‘pit stops’ along the migration route where they can top up their energy reserves. The challenge is finding out where these crucial pit stops are located.

Our collaborator and good friend Chris Burton from Western Whale Research was undertaking work as a Marine Mammal Observer on a seismic vessel operating off Timor Leste. He collected numerous sightings of blue whales over a two year period, including evidence of feeding. Phil and I helped to analyse and write-up these data, demonstrating that whale presence was linked with areas of high productivity, near to areas with marine canyons and a flatter seabed. Such areas are likely to have high prey density. This was further supported by the fact that some individual whales were hanging around this area for a few days and engaging in steep, fluke-up dives, which suggests foraging at depth.

From this evidence, we conclude that pygmy blue whales are likely using the Timor Trough as a foraging pit stop on their migration. This makes it an area of biological importance, and we now need to consider how to best manage it in the face of human threats… but that is a whole other research study!

New job! Joining the team at SRUC

An exciting (but slightly outdated) announcement! At the start of summer, I successfully interviewed for a new role as a Lecturer in Ecology at Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC). I’m now six weeks into my new job and loving it!

A big part of the appeal is that the staff have all been so lovely and helpful. From lunchtime gossips to helping set up classrooms to meme-filled Whatsapp group chats, I feel like I’ve struck lucky with all my new colleagues! The work itself is also an exciting change – smaller class sizes mean I can give my students more attention and support, which is super rewarding. I am teaching a more diverse range of subjects, including venturing back into the terrestrial realm! Requires a bit of extra reading, but this already paying off through interesting facts and new research ideas.

Sarah and Monty looking for seals in Scotland

Of course, a big side bonus of this new job is the location… Not only back in Scotland, but back to my hometown of Aberdeen! It is wonderful to be back near family and friends, especially after the lockdown restrictions of the past 1.5 years. We’ve moved to a small village on the coast, and Monty dog is loving his daily beach walks! We’ve been practicing his “watch” command in anticipation of new wildlife-watching opportunities! We’ll make a marine biologist of him yet!

So whilst it was sad to leave Portsmouth, we are very much looking forward to new adventures up north!

Public Perceptions of Marine Conservation

The ocean is increasingly facing threats from human activities, and mitigating these requires the support of the general public. However, many people see little or no connection between their actions and ocean health. It is therefore important to monitor and assess public perceptions of the marine environment, as this will help us understand how we can change them for effective conservation.

Photo by Grafixart_photo Samir BELHAMRA on Pexels.com

Two of my undergraduate students at the University of Portsmouth are studying this topic for their Honours theses. They have created an online survey with questions about marine conservation in general and marine megafauna in particular. Now we are looking for people to complete the survey!

To participate, you must be an adult living in the UK. All answers are anonymous and voluntary, and if at any point you no longer wish to participate then you can simply close the webpage. Your answers will be used to investigate whether any patterns exist in how people perceive the marine environment.

If you would like to participate, please follow this link: https://forms.gle/p3uwV9NBCE2uqR5m7

We would also appreciate it if you could share this link far and wide! This will help us to collect a diversity of viewpoints. We will be closing the survey at the end of March.

New Paper: Assessing snubfin dolphin conservation status

Last month I co-authored a paper on “Regional Assessment of the Conservation Status of Snubfin Dolphins in the Kimberley Region, Western Australia”. Published in Frontiers in Marine Science, this has been a real slow-burn project! The team originally started work on this back in 2013, and since then the project expanded in both breadth and complexity! But it was one of those projects that was just a real delight to work on because of the endearing nature of the animals and the lovely group of people involved.

Snubfin dolphins – or should that be snub-nosed? (Photo: Sarah Marley)

Snubfin dolphins are also locally-known as ‘snub-nosed dolphins’ – and when you look at their wee faces you can see why! They are generally fairly cryptic animals, sitting quite low in the water with relatively small dorsal fin. So easily overlooked if the sea starts to get a bit choppy! They are also a lot less ‘showy’ than some other dolphin species (I’m looking at you bottlenose!), so more likely to quietly disappear than they are to head over to the research vessel and start a cheeky bow-ride. As a result of this and the fact that they exclusively occur in the tropical waters of northern Australia and southern Papua New Guinea (i.e. a very remote location!), scientists still have a lot to learn about their abundance and habitat use. This is a problem when it comes to assessing the conservation status of a species – how do we know if they need help?

This study aimed to address this issue by building the first comprehensive catalogue of snubfin dolphin sightings in the Kimberley, which is thought to be one of their key areas. One of the cool and unique things about this research was that it collated sightings from multiple sources, such as citizen science initiatives, government archives, online repositories, and scientific publications, as well as dedicated research surveys with local Indigenous communities and Ranger groups. This resulted in over 1,500 sightings across a 17-year period. Sightings were mapped to highlight potential hotspots, link detections with particular environmental features, and identify potentially-suitable habitats.

Known and likely distribution of snubfin dolphins across the Kimberley (Source: Bouchet et al. (2021) Supplementary Figure S6).

We found that snunfin dolphins occur in shallow, inshore habitats that are in the vicinity of freshwater outflows. This supports observations by previous researchers. Worryingly, this brings snubfins into close contact with human threats, such as gillnet fisheries, shark control nets, vessel traffic, noise and chemical pollution, and much else.

Finally, we compared these findings with the criteria used by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) for defining whether a species is high priority for conservation. Our results suggest that snubfin dolphins are likely ‘Vulnerable’ at a regional scale – i.e. facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. This emphasises the importance of continuing to monitor these dolphins, as well as demonstrating the value of utilising many different sources of sightings data for a difficult-to-study species.

Apart from the opportunity to work with some dear friends, this project was also important because it actively incorporated the expertise of several Indigenous Ranger groups. Going forwards, these groups will play a crucial role as land managers in local conservation efforts.

Isle of Wight Marine Mammal Survey

One of the things I was super keen to do this summer was get out to explore the waters around the Isle of Wight. There have been several media reports of dolphins and seals around the island. Locals tell me they often see porpoises relatively close to shore. Plus there are even some potential whale sightings.

The plan was to spend a couple of weeks living out on the island with some student volunteers, visiting two cliff-top vantage points to keep watch for marine mammals. Throughout the summer, we were also planning to take the lovely new IMS research vessel Noctiluca out for some boat-based surveys.

Unfortunately, COVID-19 seems to have other ideas regarding my dreams of a field season…

But this doesn’t mean that research has to stop! Instead, my MSc student Robyne Castles has developed an online questionnaire to collect some local knowledge about marine mammal occurrence around the Isle of Wight:

https://bit.ly/iowmarinemammals

The questionnaire asks when and where people have seen marine mammals in the past, along with any details about the species, behaviour, and time spent in the area. Although we’d obviously love to collect as much information as possible, every little bit helps!

IoW Grid Map

This gridded map helps people identify where they saw a marine mammal. For example, square G3 for sightings near Ryde. 

Marine mammals play an important role in the ecosystem, but also face many threats to their survival. So it is important to understand where and when these animals are occurring around the Isle of Wight and the Solent. We know that harbour porpoises, bottlenose dolphins, harbour seals and grey seals use this area – but otherwise, our information is pretty limited.

By using local knowledge to create a map of historic marine mammal sightings, we will know how to best focus our future research efforts. This online survey is a crucial first step in developing a broader research program to study marine mammal ecology in this area.

So when we are eventually allowed back out on the water, we’ll know exactly where to go!

 

New paper: Effects of ship noise on marine mammals

I’m excited to announce the publication of my co-authored paper on “The Effects of Ship Noise on Marine Mammals—A Review” in Frontiers in Marine Science.

The number of vessels utilising the marine environment is on the rise, with a corresponding increase in noise pollution from this activity. But what are the effects of ship noise on marine mammals? We reviewed 154 scientific articles to document the species, areas, and effects studied. From this, we were able to identify common themes and important research gaps.

This was a hugely satisfying project and a delight to work on. One of the best parts of research is finding great people to work with, which was certainly the case here!

The paper is already receiving good reviews and the Altmetric score is soaring! I’m looking forward to seeing how this paper can help shape future research.

 

 

 

 

Machine Learning and Acoustics

As computer systems continue to improve, there is an increased ability to complete tasks using artificial intelligence. A computer system can be trained to perceive its environment, make decisions, and take actions. One of the methods for achieving this is machine learning (ML), where machines ‘learn’ tasks from without the need for explicit programming. Given sufficient training, ML can process large, complex datasets to reveal patterns.

abstract blackboard bulb chalk

Photo by Pixabay on Pexels.com

Acoustics is one of the fields generating large amounts of data. For example, every time I deploy a hydrophone in the English Channel, it can record for 3 weeks and return approximately 250 GB of data! It doesn’t take long for the data to quickly add up to an overwhelming amount. Never mind the added challenge of searching through it for sounds of interest, such as fish and vessels. ML could provide the answer, if I could train the computer system to recognise these sounds and search the data for the presence. Similarly, ML could also greatly contribute to other types of acoustic research, like speech processing, sound localisation, noise mitigation, health monitoring, and so on.

But how do young acousticians (yes, I am still counting myself in this category!) learn how to develop and use ML tools? That is where the UK Acoustic Network (UKAN) comes in! The network contains several special interest groups, including one specially devoted to Early Career Researchers that holds an annual Summer School. This year, their aim was to provide training for early career acousticians to get to grips with ML tools. So I joined over 30 scientists at Gregynog Hall in Wales this week for the UKAN Summer School 2019 (#UKANSS19).

The week started with an introduction to Python. This was led by Dr Prasun Ray, a Strategic Teaching Fellow in Applied Mathematics at Imperial College London. Prasun took us through the fundamentals of programming and data analysis in Python, alternating between a mixture of seminars and interactive examples to put us through the paces. Although I haven’t used Python much since 2016, it was good to re-familiarise and get updated on what the software can do!

The ML classes were delivered by Dr Ramon Fuentes (Research Scientist at Callsign Ltd and Visiting Researcher at the University of Sheffield), who has previously applied ML for signal processing and the development of autonomous inspection systems. Although the mathematics of this went whooshing over my biological head, it was still interesting to learn some of the fundamental ideas that ML is built upon. Although anywhere Ramon speaks in the future might want to invest in some additional whiteboards…

Finally, we had a series of lectures on audio and speech applications of ML delivered by Professor Nilesh Madhu from Ghent University. In my opinion, these were the highlight of the week! Nilesh was an excellent speaker, expertly leading us from one topic to another with a strong storyline, a balanced level of detail, plenty of examples, and good humour. His own research focus is on signal detection, analysis and enhancement with application to mobile devices. Despite this seeming fairly different from my own work on the surface, it had a lot of deeper similarities. For example, the problem of recognising and classifying signals in challenging contexts will be particularly relevant to my “Decoding the Deep” project.

As well as generating ideas, the other great thing about this event was meeting people. All too often it is easy to get ‘stuck’ in your own research bubble, only speaking with or working alongside people in the same field. Whilst this can be a good thing, it is still good to step back every so often and look around – because that’s how ideas are born! UKAN exists to support and facilitate networking – and that was a strong highlight of this week. Living with 30+ acousticians for five days means that you never know when an interesting conversation will arise: over the breakfast table; during a lunch break; whilst trying out some casual archery; building a cardboard tower in a competitive team-building exercise; on a hike through the grounds; in a subterranean prison surrounded by the ghosts of past inmates… (not even joking). There were lots of opportunities for networking, bonding, and discussions throughout the week. I think everyone went home with some new contacts and friends, several of which I will be following up with over coming months.

Overall, a successful week for the UKAN Summer School 2019! The ECR Special Interest Group are planning to run another next year, along with some smaller events. Be sure to get in touch to register your interest, propose other events, or join the network!

 

PhD Available: Vessel collisions with large whales

One week left to apply for a PhD on “Vessel Collisions with Large Whales: Behavioural responses and areas of risk”, supervised by myself, Professor Alex Ford, and Ms Lucy Babey!

800px-FinhvalThis PhD aims to quantify vessel collision risks for fin whales in the Bay of Biscay. Organisation Cetacea (ORCA), a cetacean conservation charity, has been utilising platforms-of-opportunity to collect cetacean sightings around the world since 2001. On-board observers collect data relating to effort, ship location / speed / heading, and whale sightings. The current project will both utilise ORCA’s long-term dataset and conduct fieldwork to collect additional data. Behavioural analyses will assess fine-scale behaviour of whales during vessel encounters, whilst density surface models will be used to identify high-risk areas.

A full project description and application form is available on FindAPhD: https://www.findaphd.com/phds/project/vessel-collisions-with-large-whales-behavioural-responses-and-areas-of-risk/?p105039

This competition-funded PhD is open to UK / European students only. A BSc (minimum second-class) or a Masters degree in a relevant subject is required, along with English language proficiency at a minimum of IELTS band 6.5 (with no component score below 6.0). The ideal candidate would also have previous field experience (e.g. vessel-based surveys, marine mammal observations, behavioural observations), proficiency in R and GIS software, and a strong background in statistical techniques.

The deadline for applications is 17th February 2019.

Living in the Acoustic Environment

Last month, I attended the Acoustical Society of America (ASA) conference in Minnesota. I prepared a conference report for the Journal of Animal Ecology Blog, which I have reposted below.

Animal Ecology in Focus

Our Blog Editor, Dr Sarah Marley, reports back on last month’s Spring Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA) in Minnesota, USA. Find out what made it such a successful conference, and why she did not end up being the loner she expected to be…

Last month, several hundred acousticians descended on Minneapolis, Minnesota for the 175th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA). I was among them, attending this conference for the first time. Although I have been conducting research in acoustics for over five years, I still feel very new to this field and was nervous about presenting to ‘hardcore’ acousticians rather than my normal audience of biologists. And, although I was an invited speaker, I did not actually know many people attending this primarily American conference beyond my PhD supervisor and a few Twitter acquaintances. So the 27hr plane ride over from Western Australia…

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New Job!

I am excited to announce that I have a new job! Starting in August, I will be a Lecturer in Marine Biology at the University of Portsmouth. This means a big change in more ways than one, as – after 8yrs down under – we will be moving back to the UK.

I think our friends and families on both sides of the world are still in shock, with one side having given up hope of us returning and the other thinking they’d managed to claim us for keeps. I’m still feeling pretty shocked myself, alternating between being Extremely Excited  and Totally Terrified. The positives are obviously the idea of going home and being closer to family, all to do a job that sounds perfect for me. I love teaching, and this position will allow me to broaden that by developing new materials and supervising students, as well as continuing my research activities. However, moving means saying goodbye to some amazing people, a big lifestyle change, and an overwhelming amount of logistics. As I wander around our house, mentally categorising items as ‘sell’ or ‘ship’, I can’t help but think how much simpler it was when we first came out here with just a backpack each. If it wasn’t for the fact we’re going to need so many layers whilst our internal thermostats adjust, that might still be an option.

close up photo of three sweatshirts

Photo by Daria Shevtsova on Pexels.com

What makes the logistics particularly challenging is that neither of us have ever actually been to Portsmouth before. The whole hiring process (including an interview, a mock lecture, and a presentation about my research) was all conducted over skype. So whilst all these virtual meetings have gone well and my new colleagues seem lovely, it is still a bit disconcerting to be moving to the otherside of the world to a place you’ve never been. Although saying that, I did the same thing in 2010 by coming to Australia… Maybe I’m just getting old.

However, this issue will soon be rectified! Phil and I are both presenting at the International Statistical Ecology Conference next month, which conveniently enough is being held in St Andrews. This not only allows us both to tie in a trip to see our parents, but means we’ll also have the chance to visit our new home.

It does mean my life at the moment has been pretty FIFO (Australianism: fly-in, fly-out). Last month I was over in the US to present my research at the Acoustical Society of America conference in Minnesota. After a 27hr flight and 13hr time difference, I had an amazing trip despite being wrecked by jetlag. The fact that I was only there for a week meant that by the time my body clock got its act together it was time to go home and spend another week temporally confused! Now, after a month back home, we’ll be heading to Europe for a month, followed by a month back in Oz before the Big Move over to Portsmouth. Crikey.

It is a lot to take in, but there is no doubt in my mind that this going to be a great experience! So stay tuned for posts about moving dramas, culture shock, and academic adventures!